Formulaes

m/s	$v=fλ$	velocity = frequency [Hz] x distance [m]
Hertz (Hz)	$f=1/t$	frequency = 1 / time [s]
	$n=sin(i)/sin(r)$	refractive index (1) = sin incident angle / sin refractive angle
	$n_1sin(i)=n_2sin(r)$	refractive index_1 x sin incident angle = refractive index_2 x sin refractive angle
	$n= 3\times10^8/speed.med$	refractive index (2) = speed of light in vacumm; 3 x 10⁸ m/s / speed of light in a medium [m/s]
	$n=1/sin(c)$	refractive index, internally (3) = 1 / sin critical angle
Meters (m)	$d=1/2*vt$	echolocation distance = speed [m/s] / time [s]

Waves and Their Properties

Waves transfer energy without transferring matter.

Wave motion can be demonstrated using vibrating ropes, springs, and water waves.

Wavefront: The leading edge of a wave.
Wavelength (λ): Distance between two consecutive crests or troughs.
Frequency (f) / Pitch: Number of waves passing a point per second (Hz).
Crest (Peak): Highest point of a wave.
Trough: Lowest point of a wave.
Amplitude / Loudness: Maximum displacement from the rest position.
- Wave Speed (v): Speed at which a wave travels, given by: $v=fλ$

Types of Waves

Transverse Waves: Vibrations are perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., water waves, electromagnetic waves, S-waves).
Longitudinal Waves: Vibrations are parallel to wave direction. (e.g., sound waves, P-waves).

Wave Behaviors

Reflection: Wave bounces off a surface.
Refraction: Wave bends due to speed change in a different medium.
Diffraction: Wave spreads out when passing through a gap or around an obstacle.
1. The wider the gap is, the wave gets less pronounced.