Plant & Animal Cell Structures

Structure Plant Animal Function & Description
Cell Wall ✖ To protect and maintain the cell’s shape.
Cell Membrane Control which substances enter or leave & protect the cell.
Nucleus Has genetic material (DNA); also controls & regulates cell activities.
Cytoplasm Site for metabolic activities.
Mitochondria Produce (ATP) energy through cellular respiration.
Vacuole Storage unit for water and nutrients to provide turgor pressure.
Chloroplast ✖ Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Ribosome The site for protein synthesis.

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Prokaryote: Bacteria Structure

Structure Function & Description
Cell Wall To protect and maintain the cell’s shape.
Cell Membrane Control which substances enter or leave & protect the cell.
Cytoplasm Site for metabolic activities.
Plasmid Extra rings of circular genetic materials (DNA).
Ribosome Site for protein synthesis.
Flagellum Allows faster cell movement.

Specialised Cells in Animals

Cell Function Key Adaptations
Ciliated Cell Move mucus Cilia on surface to sweep mucus and trapped particles.
Nerve Cell Conduct impulses Long with branches to connect to other nerve cells.
Sperm Cell Fertilisation 1. Acrosome contains enzymes to penetrate egg;
  1. many mitochondria for energy;
  2. tail for swimming and faster movement | | Egg Cell | Fertilisation | Large cytoplasm for nutrients storage for embryo development. | | Red Blood Cell | Transport oxygen | 1. Biconcave shape = large surface area;
  3. no nucleus = more space for oxygen transportation;
  4. contains haemoglobin |

Specialised Cells in Plants

Cell Function Key Adaptations
Palisade Mesophyll Photosynthesis 1. Column shaped to pack tightly;
  1. many chloroplasts to absorb light | | Root Hair Cell | Absorbs water and mineral ions | 1. Long hair increases surface area;
  2. thin walls for fast absorption | | Xylem Vessel | Transport water; support plant | 1. No end walls = continuous water column;
  3. dead cells = free passage;
  4. lignin walls for structural support |

Magnification

Magnification = Image Size ÷ Actual Size ; I / A M

mm → um (x1000)

Misc.

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Describing the terms of cell, tissue, organ, organ-system and organism: … group of … working together to perform specific function …